Health Care References and Further Reading:

  1. Advance Care Planning and End of Life Care Literacy Initiatives in African American Faith Communities: A Systematic Integrative Review. Lauren Catlett, MSN, RN, CNL and Cathy Campbell, PhD, RN. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine. Vol 38(6) 719-730 (2021).

  2. Barriers to End-of-Life Care for African Americans From the Providers’ Perspective: Opportunity for Intervention Development. Ramona L. Rhodes, MD, MPH, MSCS, Kim Batchelor, MPH, Simon C. Lee, PhD, MPH, and Ethan A Halm, MD, MPH. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine. Vol 32(2) 137-143 (2015).

  3. End-of-Life Care Directive among African Americans:Lessons Learned. A Need for Community-Centered Discussion and Education. Catherine M. Waters. Journal of Community Health Nursing. Vol 17(1) 25-37 (Spring 2000)

  4. End-of-Life Care in Black and White: Race Matters for Medical Care of Dying Patients and their Families. Lisa C Welch, PhD, Joan M. Teno, MD, MS, and Vincent Mor, PhD. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:1145-1153 (2005).

  5. Ethics Consultation in U.S. Hospitals: Opinions of Ethics Practitioners. Ellen Fox, Anita J. Tarzian, Marion Danis & Christopher C. Duke (2021): , The American Journal of Bioethics, DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1893550   link

  6. Fighting to the end: African Americans and end of life care decisions. Apollo Townsend Stevens. Nurs Palliat Care 1(3) 59-61 (2016).

  7. Health care ethics programs in U.S. Hospitals: results from a National Survey. BMC Medical Ethics. Volume 22, Article number: 107(2021).  link

  8. JCAHO Standard RI. 1.1.6.1. 1992. In: comprehensive accreditation manual for hospitals. Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Oakbrook Terrace (IL); 1992.

  9. Race Matters? Examining and Rethinking Race Portrayal in Preclinical Medical Education. Jennifer Tsai, Laura Ucik, Nell Baldwin, Christopher Hasslinger, and Paul George, MD, MHPE. Acad Medicine 91, 916-920 (2016).

  10. Systematic Review of Research Literature on African Americans’ End-of-Life Healthcare Preferences. S. Charlotte Ladd. J Afr Am St 18, 373-397. (2014).

  11. Understanding and Supporting African American ‘s Perspective of End-of-Life Care Planning and Decision Making. Catherine M. Waters. Qualitative Health Research 11(3) 385-398. (2001). 

  12. When Race Matters. Annette Dula, MS, EdD, September Williams, MD. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 21, 239-253 (2005).

  13. When Race Matters on the Wards: Talking About Racial Health Disparities and Racism in the Clinical Setting. Katherine C. Brooks, MD, Steven Rougas, MD, and Paul Geroge, MD, MHPE. MedEdPORTAL 12.10523 (2016).